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Friday, March 13, 2026

"Glances Twice." A Gift Chapter from Blue Jasper. FREE to Kindle Unlimited Members!!

                                                               

 

Available on Amazon

 

                                                                       Glances Twice

Walking Bear decided to take some time and visit the Blackfeet reservation in Montana. He had been there before when he assisted the local police with fighting the scourge of drugs pouring into the area.
 His decision was partly influenced by the quote he had hanging on one of his walls at the University of Warwick, where he held a professorship. No one, but a few, knew he was a Mi6 agent.

“What is life? It is the flash of the firefly in the night. It is the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow, which runs across the grass and loses itself in the Sunset.”                         
                                                       Crowfoot of the Blackfoot Nation

                                                                        ****
 
Walking Bear was sitting drinking coffee with his friend Wolf Plume when Mick called.
He quietly listened to Mick asking only about remembrance arrangements. He told Mick he’d do a special ceremony in favor of the “old man.”
When he hung up, he stared into the blazing fire-warming Wolf Plumes cabin. ​
 He said nothing. ​
 Wolf said nothing.
There was no fear attached to their silence.

Walking Bear first met Wolf Plume when he returned from London to the reservation to reconnect to his family and heritage. That was a little more than four years ago.​
 Bear was known as the Queens Indian when he arrived on their land. He was called that until everybody warmed to him and accepted him into the tribe's embrace.
The tribal members loved his accent and tales of his great-grandmother, grandmother, and mother's journey in far-off England. It wasn't long before tribal members used his birth name though many preferred to call him the Queens Indian. He didn't mind.
 ​
While Wolf was stoking the fire, Bear spoke up, “You’ll recall all the good stories about Barry while we were at the lake last summer. Well, that was Mick telling me cancer has taken him. He gave up his spirit a couple of days ago.”​
 “Sorry to hear that,” Wolf replied. “He was well loved by all of you. I could feel it in the stories.”​
 “I’d like to honor him here. Here in our snowy woods.” His voice trailed off as he got up to step outside into the falling snow.​
 When he returned, Wolf said he would be more than happy to help build a platform and assist with a ceremony that would join Barry’s spirit on his journey.​
 “Thanks. I’ve been away so long I could use the help.”​

“Green Grass Weasel, Bear’s cousin, had arranged for Bear to have a cabin not far from Wolf’s. Bear could strap on a pair of snowshoes and hike the mile if he wanted to visit. 

When Bear first returned to the Rez, his perceived expertise with marketing ideas for BP, and other companies, sparked the tribal elders to ask him to consult on tourism opportunities for the tribe. This acceptance allowed Bear to rejoin his people in an accelerated fashion. ​
 Being invited to share his business knowledge was a great compliment.
After months of living and observing what was going on on the reservation, particularly with the young people, he reached out to Wolf Plume of the tribal police to offer his help with stemming drugs pouring through the reservation.​

Wolf was initially surprised by Bear’s depth of knowledge until Bear shared his attachment to the SIS and his ability to muster forces to help the tribe roll back the drug avalanche burying the young. ​
 A successful campaign ensued, with the tribal police breaking the train of meth coming through the tribe. ​
 Bear had then been instrumental in Wolf being accepted into the FBI.​

That Wolf, and others, had recently joined forces at Lake Tahoe to rid a community of the same infection brought Wolf and Bear ever closer.

Wolf returned to the subject of honoring Barry.
“I’ll take care of it. I’ll gather who needs to be gathered, and we’ll send him off surrounded by love and grace. We can meet near your cabin the day after tomorrow. Your Boxing Day, if I recall. ”​
 “Right. That will be good. Should the platform face the backbone of the world? Is that correct?”
 “Yes, my friend. That is correct.” ​
 They sat quietly, sipping their coffees and listening to the silence of the falling snow.​
 Only the call of a solitary wolf trespassed on the crackling of the fire.​

****

Late Christmas morning, Bear hiked and skied the rugged four miles west to his aunt's home. She was hosting the gathering of the family this year.​
 A couple of days prior, Bear had given his second cousin, Frog that Watches, money towards purchasing supplies for the feast that would be shared by all who came to his aunt's home. 
When Bear graced the door, he was greeted by Auntie Ruth, Wolf Plume, Green Grass Weasel, Iron Scraping White, James-Day-Rider, Deathly-Woman, Cree-Runs Quietly, Three Calf, Chewing, Red-Bones, William Red Crow, Long Face, Morgan Blacktongue, Double-Victory, Fist of Water, Makes-Cold-Weather and Red Crow, all who had welcomed him when he first returned to the reservation. ​
 Bear felt very welcome.​
 Aunt Ruth had outdone herself with decorating the home. A huge Christmas tree was in the corner next to the bay window that looked out towards the snow-capped Rockies, the "backbone of the world," as most locals called them. The mountains couldn't be seen through the snowfall increasing by the minute.​

The Christmas tree decorations had been handed down from generation to generation. The kids had made many dream catchers that hung on the tree. ​
 Tiny white lights bounced off the few bits of glass hanging on limbs.​
 Pine boughs, berries, and candles were placed at the center of the large dining table. The sideboards, which would soon be groaning under the weight of the Christmas meal, also had pine branches laid across them.​
 The smells of roasting turkey, elk, or some other meat and chocolate drifted from the kitchen. ​

The smells wrapped everyone in one blanket, simultaneously making them all feel welcome and safe.
Red Crow stepped up to Bear, whispering how sad they all were at the loss of his friend in Australia. He told Bear they would all gather to send Barry off on his journey.​
 Bear, for the first time, felt like he was truly home. For a split second, he considered staying here rather than returning to London at the end of the week.​
 Several people introduced themselves to Bear, asking the standard questions about living in England, fitting into British society, what did he teach about Indians to British students, whether he was married, etc., etc.?
 Bear was accustomed to the questions answering each with patience and pride.
Most of the young kids had grown accustomed to his accent, though they loved to mimic some of his phrases. Bear went along with the laughter ramping up his accent for their pleasure.

While playing with the kids and snatching parts of conversations, he noticed a new arrival dusting the snow from her coat. Aunt Ruth greeted her, saying something that got her to glance at Bear. He held her glance, feeling what he thought had abandoned him years ago. ​
 She said hello to a few people as she worked through the crowd to Bear. When she got close, she put out her hand, saying, “You have got to be the Queen’s Indian! Here I am, Glances Twice. Out there,” She said, pointing to the window, “I am Nancy.” 

She had a soft laugh in her voice that invited Bear in immediately.​

“True, I am often called the Queen’s Indian, though I prefer Daylon or Daniel. Bear is also totally acceptable though you might have way too many offer a reply if you called out to Bear. Walking Bear is good.” ​
 She laughed at his introduction. ​
 Bear had not had these bubbling feelings in years. 
She was staring into his eyes as she took in the complete picture.​

She was thin, his height somewhat regal, though that might have been his imagination, full-lipped beneath a nose that would have been perfect had it not been broken and reset some time in the past. Her eyes were just off deep black, reflecting a touch of copper. 
 Her smile offered a myriad of thoughts and potentials. Her skin was flawless.
​
“I’ve heard a great deal about you, Mr. Walking Bear. My uncle, Quiet Runner, told me about your help when you were last here.”
​Bear didn’t know what to make of what she was saying as very few people knew his real job or how he had been involved with Wolf during his last visit.
​“I don’t think I know your uncle,” Bear replied.
​“You wouldn’t. You’ve never met him. He lives up in Alberta.” She said.
​“What did he say?” Bear asked.​
“Oh, that you were a great help with setting up a new marketing and tourism plan.” 
The way she replied made Bear think there was more to her answer than she was willing to share. Something about how she cruised his face while he spoke made him slightly apprehensive. He liked it. ​
 They were interrupted by several people coming over to say hello. ​
 After asking her what she would like, Bear went into the kitchen to get her a Pepsi. ​
Bear chatted with the three ladies working over pots of incredible-smelling goodies before returning to Glances Twice. When he handed her drink to her, she said. "I've heard of your loss. I've brought you a small packet to offer at the ceremony."
 Before Bear could react to what she said, she asked him to tell her about his lost friend.​
 They moved out of the room's flow to give them a little space.
​
Bear thanked her for her thoughts and generous spirit before telling her about his days with Barry, far away in the lands of the Mapoon and Lamalama peoples. While telling her about his initial meeting with Barry,  Aunt Ruth announced that dinner would be ready in thirty minutes.​

Bear continued his impressions, thoughts, conversations, and growing respect for Barry. “If he were here right now, all these kids would be circling him, pulling on him for more and more. Down there, they called him “old man,” a term of respect. Different from our use of the term.” 
 He told her about how Barry would set up his easel, paints, and canvasses to lure kids over to him to see what he was up to. Once the kids started to hang out with him, the older ones were just a little behind. ​
"He told me that that had worked in every place he had visited, no matter how bleak. ​
 As mentioned, kids were the first to approach, driven by curiosity. Barry would set up paints and canvasses for them to work with, allowing them to paint to their heart's content." 
 He stopped to take a sip of his drink and swim in her eyes. "He told me a gallery in Geelong, where Barry lives, ah, lived, displayed many paintings Barry had gathered over the years." 
Bear stopped for a moment to collect his thoughts. Nancy put her hand on his arm long enough to tell him it was okay to share his feelings. Bear's reaction was instantaneous to her touch, though he gave away nothing to her. He had a feeling she knew anyway.​
 "My friends Mick and Jack were in Geelong when Barry received notice from the Queen that he was being honored for his lifetime of work with those needing a hand up." 

A young girl asking him if he knew the Queen interrupted them. After a playful response to her, he continued. “Most of his work was in the south Pacific. He was very knowledgeable about many indigenous peoples in many places he had visited. He told me about going to some beyond the black stump spot in New Guinea to people who had been headhunters a generation before Barry arrived to work on the construction of a water sanitation facility.” 
 She gently laughed at his use of colloquialisms.​
She asked lots of questions making Bear wonder if he would get the opportunity to learn more about her. That opportunity arrived when Wolf joined them, asking her how she liked living in the Big Apple. She told him she enjoyed her work as an attorney with a music-publishing house but that she was considering moving back to Montana. While listening to the two of them talk, Bear knew he wanted to know her much better. His concern was that he was leaving in days with no plans on a return trip.
Ruth called everyone to the table. Nancy took Bear's hand to avoid him escaping from sitting next to her for the meal. He liked that- 


Somebody put turkey, ham, boiled buffalo, dried antelope, venison, moose, chicken, mountain sheep, and duck on the sideboard. ​
 Bowls of pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, corn squash, sweet feed, cranberries, blueberries, Saskatoon berries, and pinon nuts were placed on the main table.

The feast was honored by applause and some blessings before everyone fell to enjoying the meal.
Bear and Glances Twice carried on with cross-table conversations as they danced, exchanging what might be vital for the other to know to keep the game afoot.
The meal was capped with three pies, homemade vanilla ice cream, and chicory coffee. ​
 It was a great feast approaching its end way too fast for Bear. He wanted to sit with Nancy until spring. ​
 A curious thought.

People began to leave with respect to the falling snow and the not-too-distant sundown. Many had arrived by snowmobile and needed to get on the trail before it became dangerous. Nancy was invited to join her cousins riding back to town in Three Horses giant Humvee.​
 Nancy asked Bear to wait for a moment as she went into one of the bedrooms to fetch her coat and bag. When she returned, she handed him a leather packet with an eagle’s feather held to it by the thinnest of strings. “Burn the bag as you say goodbye to your friend. Lay the feather on the platform last. It will help reach his spirit out on the trail.” ​
 She gave him a quick kiss on the cheek as she pressed her business card into his hand. Bear was too slow to react to what he was feeling. He knew she was returning to New York tomorrow and that he had left a world unsaid. The best he could do was a quiet “thank you” as she headed out the door. When he turned away from the now empty door to re-enter the room, he caught Wolf looking at him with a welcoming all, knowing smile.



It wasn't long after Nancy had left when Wolf said to Bear that they'd better hit the trail, or they might wind up spending the night where they were. Bear went around the room, thanking everyone for a wonderful Christmas. When he and Wolf had made the rounds, they headed to his truck for the trip back to Wolf's cabin. Bear could easily hike back to his place from there.

When they pulled out of the driveway, Wolf looked at him, saying, “I think I see an arrow sticking out of your heart.” They both laughed, saying nothing until they got back to Wolfs.
Bear occasionally brought the packet Nancy had given him up closer to his nose to take in the faint smell of lavender wafting from it. 
When they pulled into Wolf’s driveway, Wolf offered, “You’re welcome to stay here if you want.” ​
"Thanks. I need some alone time to dig this arrow out." They both laughed at his recognition.
​"She's a good woman Bear. Should you want, I'll tell you all." ​
 "Maybe, we'll see. I'll come back here tomorrow morning, late, if that's okay."
​"Sure, a number of people will join us to say goodbye. Anytime after eight is fine.​
He turned his head to focus on a distant Wolf calling out.
 "I'm going to find a good place for the platform somewhere between our two places. It will be ready when we all get there.
Bear put on his skis, said goodbye, and headed into the woods.


****
When Bear arrived at Wolf's cabin, a dozen or more people were already awaiting his arrival. ​
 Bear greeted each one thanking them for coming to assist him. ​
 Wolf informed him more would be arriving within an hour.​
 Bear told them he had found the ideal spot west of Wolf's cabin. Bear said he had gathered enough branches to construct a decent-sized platform in a clump of old-growth trees that could honor Barry's spirit for centuries.​
 When he said that, Sitting Man, a revered shaman, reminded everyone that they had followed the buffalo and practiced their faith before the great pyramids were built. "When we honor the spirit father today, all our spirits will join together to make your friend's journey easier."
Bear knew he was at the right place at precisely the right time.
Blue Face's 8-year-old asked Sitting Man why people had to die. Sitting Man sat silently for a few minutes before answering.​

"When Old Man made the first people, he gave them powerful bodies, and for a long time, no one was sick. At last, a little child fell ill. Each day, it grew weaker, and, at last, it fainted. Then the mother went to Old Man and prayed for him to do something for it. ​
 ​"This," said Old Man, "will be the first time it has happened to the people. When struck with an arrow, you have seen the buffalo fall to the ground. Their hearts stop beating, they do not breathe, and soon their bodies become cold. They are then dead. Now, woman, it shall be for you to decide whether death shall come to the people and the other animals or whether they shall live forever. Come now with me to the river."​

"When they reached the water's edge, Old Man picked a dry buffalo chip and a stone from the ground. "Now, woman," he said, "you will tell me which one of these to throw into the water. If what I throw floats, your child shall live; the people shall live forever. If it sinks, then your child shall die, and all the people shall die, each one when his time comes."​
 The woman stood still a long time, looking from the stone to the buffalo chip and from the chip to the stone. At last, she said, "Throw the stone." Then Old Man tossed it into the river, and it sank to the bottom. "Woman," he cried, "go home; your child is dead." Thus, because of a wise woman, we all must die."
Bear wondered what Glances Twice would think of that tale. ​
 He thought of Gilgamesh and the deal he struck with the Gods for mortality. Perhaps this lady was as insightful?​
 Neither the time nor place to make comments about long-held beliefs…
Within an hour, a half dozen more had arrived at Wolf's cabin. After greetings, they headed out to find the spot Bear had chosen.
The older men climbed on snowmobiles. The trek through the snow would have been too much for them at this time of their lives.

The day had started with the threat of more snow. ​
 When the party set off into the woods, the sky cleared, welcoming them into a shower of light. ​
 Other than the noise put out by the snowmobiles, they moved through the woods without a sound.​
 When they arrived at the spot Bear had chosen, and the machines were quieted, the silence was overwhelming. ​
 No one said a word. ​

They all stood looking at the giant trees reaching up into the late morning sun. In the near distance, a wolf could be heard howling for attention. ​
 Sitting Man interrupted the silence, "The wolves are the people's great friends; we travel with the wolves. If, when we are traveling along, we pass close to some wolves, they will bark at the people, talking to them. This one is offering his woods and spirit to us. Honor him, for he is here to guide the spirit." With that said, he turned in four directions offering thanks.

With some help, Bear climbed up where several branches crisscrossed each other. Once he sat securely on a large limb, the branches he had collected were handed up so he could lay out the platform. Wolf climbed up an adjacent tree to reach over and bind the branches with the rope he had brought from his cabin. ​
Once the branches were laid out and bound, Bear called for boughs to be handed up to cushion the imaginary body.
 He stretched a piece of buckskin the length of the branches to substitute for a body. Walking Bear and Wolf placed seeds, suet, corn, tobacco, sage, dried flowers, and a mix of herbs on the buckskin. They weighted down the eagle feather with small stones tossed up to them by the kids below.​

While Wolf and Bear spread the offerings on the buckskin, a small fire was being coaxed into life directly beneath the platform. When Bear and Wolf were finished and happy with the construction, they climbed down to join those circling the fire, platform, and trees.​
 Sitting Man asked Walking Bear to say a few words about his friend before putting the pouch Glances Twice had given him into the fire.

Bear told his friends about Barry's kindness, generosity, empathy, dedication, volunteering, humor, and the love of his family. They all stood quietly until Sitting Man instructed Bear to lay the pouch on the fire. Bear brought it up in front of his face to catch the last scent of lavender and sage Glances Twice had gathered for him.
As he placed the pouch on the struggling flames Sitting Man led them all in a series of chants and prayers. As the fire began to engulf Bear's offering, Sitting Man cried loudly, "The Sun, the Light of the world. I hear him coming. I see his face as he comes. He makes the beings on earth happy, and they rejoice. O, Holy One, I offer You this world of Light to show our friend the way."​
 Bear whispered, "Ya follow?" as the smoke rose to bathe the platform."

© 2023 M. Barrett Miller
All rights Reserved.
All rights Reserved under the International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the author.
ISBN 9798859156849
Printed in the United States of America.
This is a novel.







Wednesday, March 11, 2026

“A love story, a spy story, and a great look into Soviet Russia.” Strong 4.6 ratings - 127 Reviews

 


Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev - General Secretary of the Communist Party - would not be laughing if he knew what was going on just up the street from his apartment.

A love story, a spy story, and a great look into Soviet Russia.

"That line captures something compelling about The Bridge: Life in the Shadows. The combination of personal relationships, intelligence work, and the tense atmosphere of the Cold War immediately signals a story that moves beyond a simple spy narrative. The setting stretching from London to Helsinki and into Tashkent during 1978 hints at a world where every decision carries risk and every meeting may shift the balance between loyalty and survival.

Michael Garrett’s journey into the shadowed world of intelligence work adds another dimension that makes the premise especially engaging. A man drawn into a sensitive mission because someone he loves trusts him with it creates a powerful narrative tension. Natalie’s request that he travel to Tashkent to meet the Colonel she had handled for years suggests a moment where personal trust and geopolitical stakes collide.

One question naturally rises from that situation: when Michael accepts Natalie’s request and steps into a meeting that even trained intelligence officers cannot safely attend, does he truly understand the danger he is walking toward, or is loyalty to Natalie stronger than caution in that moment? That kind of turning point often becomes the emotional core of a story, and readers tend to remember those decisions long after finishing the book.

The response readers have already given the book suggests that the story resonates. With 127reader reviews and a strong 4.6 rating, it is clear that many readers have connected with the atmosphere, the historical depth, and the unfolding intrigue. When a book reaches that level of appreciation, it shows that the story has already begun to build genuine momentum among readers..."

C. Robinson - 9 March 2026 

 

On Amazon

 


 

Insight into the Iran Attack - Video Interview

 Jon Stewart is joined by Ambassador Wendy Sherman, who negotiated the 2015 Iran nuclear agreement that Trump later withdrew from, and CNN's Chief International Anchor Christiane Amanpour. Together, they analyze Trump's decision to choose war over diplomacy, assess what the administration is trying to accomplish through military force, and examine the possibilities ahead for the Iranian people and the region.

 


 

Tuesday, March 10, 2026

Scientists Thought These Marsupials Went Extinct 6,000 Years Ago. They Just Found the Animals Alive

 

Researchers worked with members of the Tambrauw and Maybrat Indigenous communities to confirm the existence of the two creatures. They describe the discoveries in two papers published March 6 in the journal Records of the Australian Museum.

Both the pygmy long-fingered possum and the ring-tailed glider were believed to have disappeared more than 6,000 years ago, which makes them rare examples of “Lazarus species,” named after a Biblical figure who was brought back to life. The chances of finding one Lazarus mammal species is “almost zero,” says Tim Flannery, a zoologist at the Australian Museum who co-authored both papers, to the Guardian’s Adam Morton. But finding two is “unprecedented and groundbreaking.”

Other researchers were similarly shocked and thrilled. “In a world awash with bad news, and no more so than for the environment, it is always joyous when species once thought extinct turn out not to be,” Euan Ritchie, a wildlife ecologist at Deakin University in Australia who was not involved with the research, tells Peter de Kruijff of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).

Until now, scientists have only known about the animals from fossils. But they suspected the creatures might still be alive, because the remote, difficult-to-navigate region where the fossils were discovered hadn’t been thoroughly surveyed for marsupials.

The animals were recently photographed on Bird’s Head Peninsula, also known as the Vogelkop Peninsula—which means “bird’s head” in Dutch—an area in the northwest corner of New Guinea. Scientists think the peninsula was once a part of the Australian continent that broke off and became incorporated into the island.

The pygmy long-fingered possum is about 14 inches long from nose to tail tip, and about half that length comes from the tail. In addition to its long digits, the creature has “a whole lot of specializations in their ear region,” Flannery tells New Scientist’s James Woodford. He thinks the creatures listen for low-frequency sounds made by wood-boring beetle larvae, then rip open the rotting wood and use their long digits to “fish out the grub,” he tells the outlet.

The ring-tailed glider, meanwhile, eats tree sap and leaves, and possibly fruit and invertebrates. The nocturnal animal’s body is “about the length of two open palms (hands),” according to tribal elders, the researchers write in the paper describing the species.

They are closely related to Australia’s three species of greater gliders, which belong to the Petauroides genus. But the researchers recently determined the ring-tailed glider represents an entirely new genus, which they’ve dubbed Tous to honor how Indigenous peoples refer to these animals, “Tous wansai” or “Tous wan. The scientists think Tous is an ancient branch of the possum family tree that dates back millions of years, though the ring-tailed glider is the only known member alive today.

Some Indigenous groups living on the peninsula, including the Tambrauw and Maybrat peoples, revere the ring-tailed glider, as they believe the animals represent their ancestors’ spirits, per the Guardian. They also have deep respect for the old-growth forest where the animals live and say it’s “the place where all of the living things came from,” Flannery tells ABC.

Scientists don’t know much about either species, but they suspect they’re both threatened by habitat loss, primarily driven by logging. David Lindenmayer, an ecologist at the Australian National University who was not involved with the research, tells New Scientist he is “hugely concerned” about the extent of land clearing underway in New Guinea. Now that the creatures have been found alive, the researchers want to learn more about exactly where they’re living, as well as their ecological needs, in hopes of protecting them.

In the meantime, they’re keeping the animals’ location under wraps to prevent wildlife traffickers from trying to capture the cute critters.

“They would be incredibly difficult to keep in captivity because their diet is so highly specialized,” Flannery tells New Scientist. “Advanced warning for anyone who’s thinking of keeping one as a pet: It won’t live long.”

 

   

Thursday, February 26, 2026

How Do Horses Whinny? .

 

A horse’s whinny is a distinctive and instantly recognizable sound, which the animals use to communicate with each other and express emotions. But this unique vocalization has long puzzled scientists, since it includes both high- and low-pitched components.

Now, researchers say they may have solved this equine mystery. A horse makes the low-pitched part of its whinny by vibrating its vocal cords—similar to how humans speak and sing—and the high-pitched part by whistling with its voice box, scientists report in a new paper published February 23 in the journal Current Biology. This marks the first known example of a creature that can make these noises simultaneously.

The whistle came as a bit of a surprise. To make this sound, a horse contracts the muscles around its voice box, or larynx, and forces air through a small, slit-like opening. Mice and rats can do this too, though their vocalizations are too high-pitched for humans to hear.

“It’s the first strong, experimental evidence of an aerodynamic laryngeal whistle production in any animal outside the rodent family,” says Ben Jancovich, a biologist at the University of New South Wales in Australia who was not involved with the research, to New Scientist’s James Woodford.

Humans tamed the ancestors of most modern domestic horses around 4,200 years ago, and we’ve been living closely with the creatures ever since. But researchers still don’t fully understand how the animals communicate.

In 2015, scientists reported that a horse’s whinny contains two distinct sounds—one high-pitched, one low-pitched—that the animal produces simultaneously. The realization that horses can make high-frequency sounds was perplexing, because vocal pitch tends to be related to body size in a specific way: Large animals generally make lower-pitched sounds, whereas small animals make higher-pitched ones.

“The rule of thumb is that the lower the frequency the animal can produce, the more the animal sounds like, ‘I’m fit, I’m big, I’m bad, you don’t want to mess with me,’” Peter Scheifele, a neuroaudiologist at the University of Cincinnati who was not involved with the new research, tells Amy Briggs of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

For the new study, scientists decided to probe this trend-bucking phenomenon even further. They set out to understand the physical mechanisms at play in a horse’s two-toned whinny.

Scientists slid an endoscopic camera through live horses’ noses to get an up-close look at their larynxes as they made sounds. The animals’ vocal cords vibrated whenever they made lower-pitched sounds, but didn’t move when they produced higher-pitched ones, reports the New York Times’ Kate Golembiewski. But during high-pitched vocalizations, the muscles above the vocal cords strongly contracted, per ABC.

Based on these results, the researchers suspected the high-pitched part of the whinny was an aerodynamic laryngeal whistle. To confirm that hunch, they blew compressed air and helium through larynxes removed from horses that had died, then compared the frequencies of the sounds produced by the two gases.

Noises made via whistle—in which a gas passes through or by a hole, creating tiny, high-speed swirls—should be different in helium compared to those in air, because the sounds travel at different speeds due to the gases’ distinct densities. Sounds produced by physical vibrations, by contrast, move at the same speed through both mediums.

As expected, the low-frequency part of the whinny was the same whether the researchers used air or helium. But the high-frequency component got much higher when they used helium, confirming the sound was indeed a whistle.

“I’d never imagined that there was a whistling component,” says Jenifer Nadeau, an animal scientist at the University of Connecticut who was not involved with the new study, to Adithi Ramakrishnan of the Associated Press. “It’s really interesting, and I can hear that now.”

The findings open the door for a wide variety of future research projects. For instance, are horses somehow controlling the whistle sound by altering the shape of their vocal tracts or by moving their tongues, jaws or lips? How and why did the creatures evolve this unique vocalization? Do they use the distinct elements of the whinny for different communication purposes?

“It could be that the high pitch is for long-distance communication and the low pitch for short distance,” study co-author Elodie Mandel-Briefer, a biologist at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, tells ABC.

 



 

 

 

 

 


Wednesday, February 25, 2026

Supplements Don’t Prevent Cancer, Studies Show - Fred Hutch Study

 


Dietary supplements are wildly popular, but large clinical trials and other research by Fred Hutch Cancer Center scientists show that many common dietary supplements offer little proven benefit for cancer prevention, and in some cases may even increase cancer risk.

Initially created to treat nutritional deficiencies, dietary supplements are now sold as a panacea for nearly all ills ― including cancer ― and unlike drugs used to treat disease, they face few regulatory hurdles. There's no rigorous vetting process to get U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval; supplements have no FDA approval process. The FDA only gets involved if they're shown to be unsafe, misbranded or adulterated once they're on the market.

Yet in 2025 alone, U.S. consumers spent an estimated $60 billion (or more) on dietary and over-the-counter supplements, their popularity fueled by an aging population and a burgeoning wellness industry replete with charismatic online influencers.

Who wouldn't want to simply take a “magic pill” to boost a flagging immune system, sharpen a foggy mind and/or protect them from ― or even eliminate ― cancer?

Unfortunately, it's not that simple. That's why in addition to researching and developing cures for cancer, Fred Hutch scientists have drilled down into a slew of supplements to see whether they offer any protection against disease. Their data point to a consistent theme: supplements have not been shown to prevent cancer and, in some cases, may actually increase cancer risk.

What's more, some supplements can interfere with cancer treatments, something not all patients realize. Many people assume they're harmless, even beneficial, and don't think to tell their doctors.

Curious about the benefits (and potential harms) of dietary and other over-the-counter supplements?

See the following Study Results 

      

Dietary supplements are wildly popular, but large clinical trials and other research by Fred Hutch Cancer Center scientists show that many common dietary supplements offer little proven benefit for cancer prevention, and in some cases may even increase cancer risk.

“It would be nice if we had a pill that we could take that could protect us from disease,” said Garnet Anderson, PhD, director of Fred Hutch’s Public Health Sciences Division (PHS) and holder of the Fred Hutch 40th Anniversary Endowed Chair. “But it’s not that easy.”

Initially created to treat nutritional deficiencies, dietary supplements are now sold as a panacea for nearly all ills ― including cancer ― and unlike drugs used to treat disease, they face few regulatory hurdles. There’s no rigorous vetting process to get U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval; supplements have no FDA approval process. The FDA only gets involved if they’re shown to be unsafe, misbranded or adulterated once they’re on the market.

Yet in 2025 alone, U.S. consumers spent an estimated $60 billion (or more) on dietary and over-the-counter supplements, their popularity fueled by an aging population and a burgeoning wellness industry replete with charismatic online influencers.

Who wouldn’t want to simply take a “magic pill” to boost a flagging immune system, sharpen a foggy mind and/or protect them from ― or even eliminate ― cancer?

Unfortunately, it’s not that simple. That’s why in addition to researching and developing cures for cancer, Fred Hutch scientists have drilled down into a slew of supplements to see whether they offer any protection against disease. Their data point to a consistent theme: supplements have not been shown to prevent cancer and, in some cases, may actually increase cancer risk.

What’s more, some supplements can interfere with cancer treatments, something not all patients realize. Many people assume they’re harmless, even beneficial, and don’t think to tell their doctors.

Curious about the benefits (and potential harms) of dietary and other over-the-counter supplements? Read on for their findings:

Cancer and nutrition: What you need to know

Debunking Common Nutrition & Physical Therapy MythsFred Hutch dietitians and physical therapy experts debunk common myths.

What is fiber? Fred Hutch clinical dietitians Ray Palko and Suz Stein explain fiber, why it’s important, and how it can affect cancer risks.

Supplements are not the same as food

First and foremost, most large research organizations including the American Cancer Society advise against taking supplements as a way to prevent cancer. In fact, not taking dietary supplements for cancer prevention is one of AICR’s(American Institute for Cancer Research) top 10 cancer prevention tips.

Why not get your vitamins and minerals in pill form? Isn’t it more efficient?

“Research shows that supplements don’t offer the same benefits as eating whole foods,” the AICR advises. “When you eat whole foods, your body absorbs a range of vitamins, minerals, amino acids and other compounds that work together to protect your health. But when vitamins, minerals, fiber and other food substances are isolated into supplements, they may not be absorbed as well by our bodies.”

In other words, getting your beta-carotene from carrots and sweet potatoes is fine, but taking beta-carotene in pill form is not. Read on to discover why.

Some supplements can increase cancer risk

Cancer prevention is a big part of Fred Hutch’s research, and the scientists here have conducted many large randomized clinical trials — the gold standard in science — to determine if dietary supplements are helpful for the prevention of cancer and other diseases. Some of those trials had unexpected results.

The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) was launched in 2001 to see if Vitamin E and selenium supplementation could prevent prostate cancer in men. Contrary to expectations, the data showed no protective benefit. Instead, they found vitamin E supplements increased prostate cancer risk by 17% and selenium raised the risk of high‑grade prostate cancer in some men.

The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), another NCI-funded trial led by Fred Hutch, was launched to study the cancer prevention capabilities and safety of a daily combination of the antioxidant beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate (Vitamin A) in people at risk for lung cancer. Instead of helping, they found beta carotene and vitamin A supplements increased lung cancer incidence and death among heavy smokers or workers exposed to asbestos.

Fred Hutch's Dr. Heather Greenlee (left) speaks on a panel at the 2024 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium
Medical director of Fred Hutch’s Integrative Medicine Program, Dr. Heather Greenlee (left) speaks on supplement and cannabis use among breast cancer patients at the 2024 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium Photo by Diane Mapes / Fred Hutch News Service

Fiber is definitely your friend

What does work? Research consistently points to dietary fiber ― found in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts and seeds ― as the remedy that improves health in a number of ways.

“Fiber has so many roles and provides so many different benefits for our bodies,” said Fred Hutch registered dietitian Suz Stein, MDM, RD, in this video. “In terms of cardiovascular health, fiber can help lower cholesterol by drawing it out of our body. Fiber is also really important in terms of keeping us regular, it helps with blood sugar control, it helps our gut microbiome and is really amazing for cancer prevention.”

Fred Hutch’s Heather Greenlee, ND, PhD, MPH, a professor in the PHS and Clinical Research divisions, said fiber is especially protective against colorectal cancer and advises we eat 30 grams or more of it a day (only around 10% of Americans meet this fiber goal).

“Emphasize plant foods,” she said. “They’re packed with fiber and nutrients, including those that are anti-inflammatory. And plant protein is more affordable than meat. It’s also lower in saturated fat and higher in fiber.”

What about fiber laxatives? A 2014 Fred Hutch study looking at laxative use found soluble-fiber laxatives offered the same protective effects as dietary fiber, which reduces colorectal cancer risk by diluting carcinogens in the stool, encouraging growth of healthy bacteria in the colon and increasing stool transit time.

Non-fiber laxatives, however, were a problem. People who took non-fiber laxatives increased their risk of developing colorectal cancer by nearly 50%. Fiber-based laxatives lowered the risk of colorectal cancer by 56%.

Photo of Kerry McMillen in a lovely yellow sweater
Fred Hutch registered dietitian Kerry McMillen said the patients she sees are often surprised to learn that food is important in cancer prevention and survivorship.Fred Hutch file photo 

Can supplements cause harmful interactions?

Absolutely, it’s one reason why Fred Hutch cancer researchers have continued to study their use.

A 2008 Fred Hutch study found that up to 81% of cancer survivors use dietary supplements and that up to 68% of those who do, don’t tell their oncologists. That’s a huge problem because, as study author Cornelia Ulrich, PhD, pointed out “some vitamins, such as folic acid, may be involved in cancer progression while others, such as St. John’s wort, can interfere with chemotherapy.”

Research has shown that St. John’s wort reduces the effectiveness of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressive drug used in stem-cell and solid organ transplantation, as well as indinavir, a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV infection. There are other documented interactions, as well, which is why Fred Hutch has continued to investigate dietary supplements and what effect (good, bad or ugly) they may have on people undergoing cancer therapy.

Even the expense of supplements can cause issues for patients.

“Supplements are not inexpensive,” McMillen said. “And the expense of these unproven supplements can impact the dollars people have to spend on real food. It’s a real scenario.”

Greenlee, medical director of Fred Hutch’s Integrative Medicine Program, said some patients don’t realize supplements can potentially reduce the effectiveness of cancer treatment or cause complications, pointing to these potential interactions at the 2024 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium:

  • Fish oils and omega-3a supplements, said to provide anti-inflammatory support, can cause bleeding.
  • Turmeric supplements, touted as “anti-cancer therapy,” can cause bleeding, as well as estrogenic activity and CYP interactions (often implicated in drug-drug interactions).
  • Melatonin supplements can also cause bleeding, CYP1A2 interactions (linked to cancer risk) and also has estrogenic properties.
  • Medicinal mushrooms supplements (including turkey tail, lion’s mane, reishi) are taken for immune support, but they can cause bleeding, CYP interactions, liver damage and more.